LL Study Guide – LL108 Match Day 23

Today’s LL Study Guide ranges from Cole Porter’s “I’ve Got” standards and London pie-and-mash shops with their traditional jellied eels, to Renaissance Pietàs, Ukraine’s 2004 Orange Revolution, the Khmer Empire of Angkor, and the Eurogame phenomenon Catan that helped spark a modern board game boom. Porter’s songs “I’ve Got My Eyes on You” (1939) and “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” (1936) became classics via Fred Astaire, Frank Sinatra, and The Four Seasons, while jellied eels and pie-and-mash evolved as cheap working‑class fare in East London from the 18th century onward.(en.wikipedia.org) In art history, the Pietà motif—exemplified by Michelangelo’s marble in St. Peter’s Basilica—shows Mary mourning the dead Christ and still shapes visual culture today.(nationalgallery.org.uk) The 2004 Ukrainian presidential showdown between Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych catalyzed mass protests dubbed the Orange Revolution, while neighboring Hungary’s Viktor Orbán has served as prime minister from 1998–2002 and again since 2010.(en.wikipedia.org) We also revisit the Khmer Empire, whose capital at Angkor dominated mainland Southeast Asia until its fall to Ayutthaya in 1431, and Catan (originally The Settlers of Catan), first published in 1995, which became one of the first Eurogames to gain global popularity.(britannica.com)

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Study Notes

Question 1: Cole Porter “I’ve Got” Songs (Eyes / Skin)

Q1. POP MUSIC - Two classic Cole Porter songs begin with the words “I’ve Got.” One was popularized by Fred Astaire in 1940; the other became a signature song for Frank Sinatra and a top ten hit for the Four Seasons. Name a body part that appears in the title of either song.

Core fact: The question points to Cole Porter’s songs “I’ve Got My Eyes on You” (1939), written for Broadway Melody of 1940 and introduced by Fred Astaire, and “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” (1936), introduced in the film Born to Dance and later a signature Sinatra number and 1966 top‑10 hit for The Four Seasons.(en.wikipedia.org) The body parts in their titles are EYES and SKIN.

• Connections

  • Classic Hollywood: “I’ve Got My Eyes on You” was written for the MGM musical Broadway Melody of 1940 and performed by Fred Astaire, then popped up again in films like The Philadelphia Story (1940) and High Society (1956).(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Sinatra & pop standards: “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” became closely associated with Frank Sinatra via his 1956 recording for Songs for Swingin’ Lovers!, one of his most celebrated collaborations with arranger Nelson Riddle.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • 1960s pop: The Four Seasons’ 1966 version of “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” reached #9 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and also made the top 10 in Canada, bringing Porter’s song into the rock‑era charts.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Activist reinterpretation: Neneh Cherry’s 1990 cover of “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” on the AIDS‑benefit album Red Hot + Blue keeps only fragments of Porter’s lyrics and turns the song into a commentary on the AIDS crisis.(en.wikipedia.org)

• Sources

  • “I’ve Got You Under My Skin” – Wikipedia – Song origins, 1936 composition for Born to Dance, Sinatra’s signature version, and the Four Seasons’ 1966 top‑10 hit.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “I’ve Got My Eyes on You” (1939 song) – Wikipedia – Details on Porter’s 1939 song, written for Broadway Melody of 1940, introduced by Fred Astaire, and later film appearances.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Cole Porter – Song list in “I’ve Got My Eyes on You” article – Confirms authorship and places both songs within Porter’s broader output.(en.wikipedia.org)

Question 2: Pie & Mash Shops and Eels

Q2. FOOD/DRINK - “Pie and mash” shops are traditional English eateries that proliferated in 19th-century East London, serving working-class customers minced beef pies, mashed potatoes with a green parsley sauce called “liquor”, and often what fish?

Core fact: Traditional East End pie and mash shops evolved in the 18th–19th centuries as cheap, filling food for London’s working classes, serving minced beef pies, mashed potatoes, green parsley “liquor” sauce, and jellied or stewed eels made from abundant Thames eels.(en.wikipedia.org) Eels were originally a staple because they were cheap, plentiful in the River Thames, and easy to transport and cook.(romanroadlondon.com)

• Connections

  • Cockney icon: National Geographic and local histories describe jellied eels and pie‑and‑mash shops as emblematic of Cockney East End culture, with classic tiled interiors and marble tables at century‑old institutions like M. Manze (founded 1902).(nationalgeographic.com)
  • Heritage vs. hipster food: Recent food and travel pieces frame pie, mash, and eels as “London’s original fast food” now being revived or reimagined in upscale restaurants, sometimes at many times the price of the traditional cafes.(washingtonpost.com)
  • Celebrity signal: Coverage of David Beckham’s knighthood noted that he celebrated by taking his mother to a London pie‑and‑mash shop for jellied eels, showing how the dish functions as a nostalgic, working‑class comfort food even for global celebrities.(washingtonpost.com)
  • On TV and comedy: British TV and comedy shows periodically use jellied eels as a shorthand for old‑school London – for example, a Harry Hill’s Tea-Time segment has comedian Harry Hill and EastEnders actor Jessie Wallace hunting for jellied eels, treating them as both gag and cultural artifact.(digitalspy.com)

• Sources

  • Jellied eels – Wikipedia – Background on jellied eels as an 18th‑century East End dish often sold alongside pie and mash.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “Jellied Eels” – Gastro Obscura (Atlas Obscura) – Explains how Thames eels were chopped, boiled, and set in jelly, and how pie‑and‑mash shops added eel dishes for working‑class customers.(atlasobscura.com)
  • “Something Smells a Bit Fishy! Jellied Eels: The Quintessential Cockney Cuisine” – Tower Hamlets Slice – Local history of eel stalls and pie‑and‑mash shops, noting eels’ abundance in the Thames and their role as cheap protein.(romanroadlondon.com)
  • “The History Behind Pie, Mash & Eel Shops” – Londonyaar – Overview of why eels were used, how minced‑beef pies, mash, and eel‑stock “liquor” became a standard combo, and the rise and decline of pie‑and‑mash shops.(londonyaar.com)
  • “Photo story: the London tradition of pie ’n’ mash” – National Geographic – Photo essay on classic shops like M. Manze and notes that liquor was traditionally made from eel stock.(nationalgeographic.com)
  • “Can London’s pie and mash shops make a comeback?” – The Week – Synthesizes reporting on the decline and attempted revival of pie‑and‑mash shops, including David Beckham’s celebratory visit for jellied eels.(theweek.com)
  • [“London’s original fast food is making a comeback” – Washington Post travel feature (quoted in The Week)] – Discusses pie‑and‑mash and jellied eels as heritage dishes that are being rediscovered by younger diners.(washingtonpost.com)
  • “Harry Hill hunts jellied eels” – Digital Spy – Example of jellied eels used as quirky cultural content on British television.(digitalspy.com)

Question 3: Pietà – Depicting the Dead Christ and Mary

Q3. ART - What art term refers to the depiction of the dead Christ mourned by the Virgin Mary, sometimes with angels, apostles, or holy women, such as in Michelangelo’s so-named marble sculpture in St. Peter’s Basilica?

Core fact: In Christian art, a Pietà (Italian for “pity” or “compassion”) depicts the Virgin Mary cradling or supporting the dead body of Christ after his descent from the cross, often with additional mourners such as angels or saints.(nationalgallery.org.uk) One of the most famous examples is Michelangelo’s marble Pietà (1498–99) in St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City.(en.wikipedia.org)

• Connections

  • Art history staple: Museums and glossaries (National Gallery, Britannica) treat the Pietà as a key motif of late medieval and Renaissance devotional art, a particular form of the broader “Lamentation of Christ” scene.(nationalgallery.org.uk)
  • Michelangelo in pop culture: Michelangelo’s Pietà in St. Peter’s Basilica is one of the most reproduced sculptures in the world and often appears in travel documentaries, art books, and footage of papal events in the Vatican.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Comics: The classic cover of Crisis on Infinite Earths #7 (1985) uses Pietà iconography, with Superman holding the dead body of Supergirl in a pose explicitly identified as a modern Pietà reference.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Music & video: Lana Del Rey’s 2012 “Born to Die” music video includes a scene of a man holding her limp body in a Pietà‑like pose, directly echoing the motif, while St. Vincent’s song “Pietà” plays with the image by describing an “inverse Pietà” of being held by her father.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Literature: Critics often read the final scene of John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, where Rose of Sharon cradles a starving man, as a modern literary reworking of Pietà themes.(en.wikipedia.org)

• Sources

  • “Pietà” – National Gallery Glossary – Concise definition of a Pietà as the dead Christ mourned and supported by Mary, sometimes with angels and saints, and distinction from other lamentation scenes.(nationalgallery.org.uk)
  • “Pietà” – Wikipedia – Broader discussion of the subject in Christian art, its origins, variants, and examples in sculpture and painting, plus notes on comic‑book and pop‑culture uses such as Crisis on Infinite Earths and Lana Del Rey.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “Pietà” (iconography) – Britannica – Overview of the Pietà theme, its emotional significance, and its role in late medieval and Renaissance devotional imagery.(britannica.com)
  • “Pietà” (Michelangelo) – Wikipedia – Details on Michelangelo’s marble Pietà, dated 1498–99, located in St. Peter’s Basilica and often treated as a cornerstone of High Renaissance sculpture.(en.wikipedia.org)

Question 4: Viktor – Orange Revolution and Viktor Orbán

Q4. CURR EVENTS - The two candidates in Ukraine’s bitterly contested 2004 election, which triggered the Orange Revolution, shared what first name, which is also the name of the man who has served as Prime Minister of a neighboring country since 2010 (and also from 1998 to 2002)?

Core fact: Ukraine’s 2004 presidential runoff—and the subsequent Orange Revolution—pitted opposition leader Viktor Yushchenko against incumbent prime minister Viktor Yanukovych, both named Viktor.(en.wikipedia.org) The same first name belongs to Viktor Orbán, who has served as prime minister of neighboring Hungary from 1998–2002 and again continuously since 2010.(en.wikipedia.org)

• Connections

  • Learning the two Viktors: Contemporary reporting and later analyses of the Orange Revolution often emphasize the “Viktor vs. Viktor” framing and detail how mass protests in Kyiv overturned a fraud‑tainted result in favor of Yanukovych, leading to a court‑ordered re‑run won by Yushchenko.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Post‑Soviet politics in the news: If you followed early‑2000s coverage of democratic movements, the Orange Revolution was frequently discussed alongside Georgia’s Rose Revolution, making the name Viktor Yushchenko a recurring reference point.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • EU politics & “illiberal democracy”: Viktor Orbán appears constantly in European and U.S. news as the architect of Hungary’s turn toward what he calls an “illiberal democracy,” centralizing power, clashing with EU institutions, and promoting hard‑line anti‑immigration policies.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Longest‑serving EU leader: Recent wire reports regularly describe Orbán as the EU’s longest‑serving current head of government, underscoring how often the name “Viktor” surfaces in stories about European populism, migration, and Ukraine policy.(apnews.com)

• Sources

  • “2004 Ukrainian presidential election” – Wikipedia – Details on the contested election between Viktor Yushchenko and Viktor Yanukovych, the fraud allegations, Supreme Court ruling, and Orange Revolution protests.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “Country Summary: Ukraine” – Human Rights Watch World Report – Describes the 2004 election as neither free nor fair and notes the popular uprising in support of Yushchenko.(hrw.org)
  • “The Orange Revolution, 2004” – Peterson Institute for International Economics – Analytical overview of the election results, regional voting patterns, and political dynamics of the Orange Revolution.(piie.com)
  • “Viktor Orbán” – Wikipedia – Confirms Orbán’s terms as prime minister (1998–2002; since 2010) and his role as Hungary’s long‑serving leader.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “Viktor Orban” – Britannica – Biographical profile highlighting his premierships, political shifts, and conflicts with the EU.(britannica.com)
  • Recent AP and European coverage of Orbán and EU disputes – For example, reports on EU leaders criticizing Orbán over Ukraine aid and Hungary’s domestic economic situation, which reiterate his long tenure and regional influence.(apnews.com)

Question 5: Khmer Empire and Angkor

Q5. WORLD HIST - What Southeast Asian empire had its capital at Angkor from the 9th century CE (and is sometimes known as the Angkorian Empire) until it fell to the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century?

Core fact: The Khmer Empire (often called the kingdom or empire of Angkor) was an ancient Cambodian state that ruled much of mainland Southeast Asia from about 802 CE to 1431, with its capital at Angkor near modern Siem Reap for most of its history.(britannica.com) Angkor was sacked by forces of the Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom in 1431, after which the royal court eventually relocated south toward the Phnom Penh area.(britannica.com)

• Connections

  • World‑heritage tourism: Angkor (including Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom, Ta Prohm, and other temples) is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world’s most famous archaeological complexes, making the term “Khmer Empire” familiar from travel articles and documentaries even for non‑historians.(britannica.com)
  • Tomb Raider effect: The temple of Ta Prohm, part of the Angkor complex, was a major filming location for the 2001 film Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, and is often marketed to tourists as the “Tomb Raider Temple” or “Angelina Jolie Temple,” cementing Angkor’s imagery in popular culture.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Archaeology features: Popular science and history outlets frequently discuss Angkor as a “hydraulic city” whose complex water‑management system and later collapse illustrate how environment, climate shifts, and warfare contributed to the Khmer Empire’s decline.(britannica.com)

• Sources

  • “Khmer empire” – Britannica – Defines the Khmer Empire’s dates (c. 802–1431), geographic extent, and identifies Angkor as its capital near modern Siem Reap for most of its history.(britannica.com)
  • “Fall of Angkor” – Wikipedia – Narrates successive Siamese occupations and the 1431 sack of Angkor by Ayutthaya, with discussion of possible causes (warfare, environmental stress, religious change).(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Ta Prohm – Wikipedia – Describes Ta Prohm as part of the Angkor temple complex and notes its use as a filming location for Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and its nickname “Tomb Raider Temple.”(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “Lara Croft: Tomb Raider” – Wikipedia – Confirms that portions of the 2001 film were shot on location at Ta Prohm in Angkor, the first major motion picture shot in Cambodia since the 1960s.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “Capturing Cambodia on Camera” – Asia Media Centre – Discusses the lasting tourism impact of Tomb Raider and how guides at Ta Prohm still refer to it as the “Tomb Raider Temple.”(asiamediacentre.org.nz)
  • “Ta Prohm Temple – Tomb Raider Temple” – AboutAsia Travel – Tourist‑oriented overview of Ta Prohm that ties the ruined temple and its tree roots to the film’s imagery.(aboutasiatravel.com)

Question 6: Catan (The Settlers of Catan)

Q6. GAMES/SPORT - What 1995 board game is widely credited with sparking the modern board game movement by introducing international audiences to European-style games with features like non-elimination gameplay and a ‘robber’ mechanic? For its 20th anniversary, the game was rebranded to simply the original title’s final word, which is also the game’s fictional setting.

Core fact: Catan, originally published in 1995 as The Settlers of Catan, is a German‑style multiplayer board game designed by Klaus Teuber in which players are settlers building roads, settlements, and cities on the fictional island of Catan, racing to reach 10 victory points rather than eliminating each other.(en.wikipedia.org) A distinctive robber token moves whenever a 7 is rolled (or a knight card is played), blocking resource production on its hex and allowing the active player to steal a card, while all players with 8+ cards must discard half.(en.wikipedia.org) For the game’s 20th anniversary, the product line was rebranded in 2015 so the base game is now sold simply as Catan, the name of its island setting.(en.wikipedia.org)

• Connections

  • Gateway Eurogame: Catan was one of the first Eurogames to gain mass popularity outside Europe; board‑game histories and the Eurogame article credit Settlers with paving the way for the genre internationally and helping launch the modern “board game renaissance.”(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Mainstream media profiles: Pieces in Ars Technica, The New Yorker, Wired, and CNBC describe Catan as the game that changed expectations for modern board games—praising its negotiation‑heavy, non‑elimination play and noting that it introduced millions of players to hobby gaming beyond Monopoly and Risk.(arstechnica.com)
  • Documentary & spin‑offs: Board‑game documentaries like Going Cardboard (2012) and numerous Catan spinoffs (e.g., Catan: Seafarers, Cities & Knights, Catan Histories titles) testify to its cultural footprint—Catan tournaments, digital adaptations, and even novels have turned a single design into a multimedia franchise.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Design lessons: Game‑design commentary often highlights Catan’s continuous engagement—everyone collects resources on each roll, nobody is knocked out—as a contrast with player‑elimination games; Wired explicitly notes that Catan introduced this style of “competition without player elimination” to many American players.(en.wikipedia.org)

• Sources

  • “Catan” – Wikipedia – Publication history, designer, 1995 release date, rules summary (10 victory points to win, robber mechanic), and note that the line was rebranded in 2015 with the base game renamed simply Catan.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Klaus Teuber – Wikipedia – Background on the designer and discussion of how The Settlers of Catan launched a new, more “social” era in board games and inspired many spinoffs.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • Rules overview – RulesPal: Catan Rulebook and official Catan rules PDFs (e.g., Catan GmbH) – Explain basic gameplay, including rolling dice for resources, reaching 10 victory points, and the robber’s role when a 7 is rolled.(rulespal.com)
  • “Eurogame” – Wikipedia – Places The Settlers of Catan within the history of Eurogames and notes its key role in popularizing the genre.(en.wikipedia.org)
  • “The Full History of Board Games” – Medium – Narrative history that singles out Settlers/Catan as one of the first Eurogames to achieve broad popularity outside Europe.(medium.com)
  • “The Ultimate Guide to Board Game History” – YahtzeeManifesto – Discusses how Settlers revolutionized board gaming with resource management, indirect competition, continuous engagement, and helped popularize Eurogames.(yahtzeemanifesto.com)
  • “Klaus Teuber made Catan, and it changed the world’s expectations for board games” – Ars Technica – Appreciative obituary that explains Catan’s design innovations and outsized influence.(arstechnica.com)
  • “Moving Beyond Settlers of Catan” – Wired – Describes Settlers as the gateway modern board game for many players and notes its introduction of non‑elimination competition to U.S. audiences.(wired.com)
  • “Millennials are driving the board games revival” – CNBC – Links the recent board‑game boom to Euro‑style games and cites Settlers of Catan as the best‑known example.(cnbc.com)
  • “Tabletop Titans: A Modern History of Board Games” – Kaggie – Argues that Die Siedler von Catan was a pivotal catalyst in the internationalization of German‑style games and the modern tabletop boom.(kaggie.com)